Robert Moses essays

Robert Moses expositions I had no clue about that Robert Moses had such a great amount of impact on such huge numbers of individuals, and was astonished to discover that he isn't too known, as he ought to be. I asked ten individuals at my specific employment and out of the ten just a single individual knew who Robert Moses was. The individual that knew about him said that they knew about Robert Moses Park yet didnt know any of his different achievements. After that short count I didnt feel that terrible not knowing what his identity was. Something else that amazed me was the point at which I was conversing with one of my companions about this paper, he really knew who Robert Moses was without me letting him know. He at that point admitted that the main explanation he thought about him was on the grounds that he takes a shot at spans. Truly I think he wouldnt have know what his identity was in the event that he wasnt taking a shot at spans. Despite the fact that Robert Moses has an immediate effect on many in dividuals in New York City he truly hasnt had that extraordinary of an effect on mine. The reasons I will go into, somewhat later on in the paper. So who truly is Robert Moses? He is referred to numerous as a masterbuilder and the force dealer, which are two extraordinary terms to characterize an individual, for example, himself. He is answerable for what New York City is today and with out his commitments New York City wouldnt be the equivalent. Lets envision no extensions in New York City, no parks, no sea shores or no lodging specialists it would be incredibly difficult to get by in New York City. Utilizing central avenues to go around New York City would be a major issue and would take until the end of time. How might we get starting with one precinct then onto the next? In the event that it werent for some of Robert Moses roadways that wouldnt be conceivable. Robert Moses is liable for the Long Island Expressway, even better know to everybody as the LIE. Which is the manner in which numerous individuals rural areas get the chance to work in New York City, one of them is my auntie. Different manifestations of Mr. Moses are the Meadowbrook State Parkway and the Wantagh State Parkway, which are known to practically all... <!

The Importance of Psychology in Business

Significance of brain research in bussiness†¦.. I think brain research assumes a significant job in business there are numerous approaches to use brain research in your business†¦ on the off chance that you have any idea about brain science of individual its simple for you to undersand the idea of your financial specialist it is possible that he is idealistic or passimistic so at this level you can make him feeling progressively good while putting resources into your business. At the point when we are on any prospective employee meeting its an excessive amount of helpfull to us knowing brain science. We may watch their demeanors either what nature of mine in being appriciated or not.On the other hand for an expert its important to think about the nuts and bolts of brain science to devolp his/her own atitude towards his/her calling. For instance on the off chance that we are being set up for a business division our atitude ought to be not quite the same as underway deprtment . In HR(human plan of action) office tha in mechanical division. so it isn't workable for us to devolp ourselves as an expert in various of a business firm. We can likewise propel our employes to put forth a strong effort. Brain science encourages us in every single feild of life while acting with individual. Significant implimentations of human brain science are given as under†¦ Importance of human brain science as business . We need to manage people as experts in various portions of our business tirms.  ·Importance of human brain research as representative. Our employers,olleagues,Subordinates and imideate supervisors they are additionally individual we likewise additionally need to copup with them in our every day business.  ·Importance of human brain science in every day working. In our every day working we need to copup with various individuals like customers,dealers contractors,imediate managers e. t. c and we need to welcome them on one point to show their best here human brain science encourages us alot Thanks†¦. Syed Mazhar BBA Sectin-A

Get Through Your Email Faster - Gmail Priority Inbox

Get Through Your Email Faster - Gmail Priority Inbox Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Get Through Your Email Faster Gmail Priority InboxUpdated On 20/02/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : GmailShort URL : http://hbb.me/1RTnRxq CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogYes, now you can get through your email faster than ever. Priority Inbox, a new feature from Gmail, automatically identifies your important email and separates it out from everything else, so you can focus on what really matters.In order to predict which messages are important to you, Gmail uses some of the same technology that it uses to weed spam out of your Inbox.If it incorrectly predicts which messages are important you can help train it with the importance buttons just like you can help Gmail’s spam filter by using the Report as spam button. (via Gmail Help)Does this new feature help you to save your time? Do share them as comments below!READ6 Essential Tips For Writing A Good Press Release

The Health Care Profession Has Changed Over Years

The health care profession has dramatically changed over years in an attempt to improve patients’ outcome. For this reason, nurses have to be aware of rising health care issues as well as evidence-based recommendations that can improve these problems. Rising health care issues that are being explored include the advantage of pharmacological treatment based on individuals’ genetic makeup, the rise of urinary tract infections (UTIs), as well as recommendations for preventing heart disease in women. The idea that human beings are as different to one another as they are alike is not new and these differences are related to the genetic make-up of each individual. Because all human beings are not identical, one can safely assume that†¦show more content†¦Clopidogrel can be prescribed prophylactically to high-risk patients or to those who have experienced atherothrombotic events such as strokes, acute coronary syndrome, peripheral arterial diseases or any other thrombi-producing illnesses (Cheek, 2013). Clopidogrel works by inhibiting the binding of adenosine diphosphate to platelet receptors, thus, disrupting the process of platelet formation and preventing platelet aggregation and thrombi formation. However, in order to inhibit the binding of ADP, clopidogrel has to be converted to its active form by the enzyme CYP2C19*1. Unfortunately, some people have lost the ability to produce enzyme CYP2C19*1 and instead produce a variant form known as CYP2C19*2. CYP2C19*2 cannot con vert clopidogrel to its active form, making clopidogrel useless in patients who carry gene CYP2C19*2. Providentially, pharmacogenomics can identify variant genes with DNA sequencing prior to prescribing medications in order to assure the effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy. This also helps health care providers to prescribe alternate medications when appropriate. Other drugs of research include the anticoagulant warfarin, the antiretroviral agent abacavir, and the antibody trastuzumab. All these drugs have genetic variant forms that can affect the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy. Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist used to prevent thromboembolic disorders. Another major area of concern is the growing crisis of

The Story of Russ and Ashley - 1153 Words

Life is beautiful, life is horrible, life is always a paradox as people try to make sense out of everything that happens to them and as they focus on making the best out of every situation that they come across. This is a story about Russ and Ashley, two persons who loved each-other more than anyone could ever understand. Love is a constant concept and it always brings out the most intense feelings in all people who experience it. This is in order for you to understand exactly why these two people loved each-other beyond human understanding. They planned a 9 day trip to Italy, the land of love, and the place where fate would have a decisive influence on their future together. While Ashley never left the country until this trip, Russ was very experienced in travelling and the actual point of the journey seemed much more important to him in comparison to Italys beauty. Nothing could compare to his soul-mates smile when she saw him and this is why he always tried to make her smile. Ashley did not know about Russ plans and simply wanted to enjoy the trip next to the person whom she loved most in the world. Russ wanted to take advantage of the land of love and passion in order to ask his loved one to marry him and preserve their love until the end. Russ is the kind person who has a lot of life experience and simply wants to enjoy the beauties of life because he is well-acquainted with its fragile nature. He has seen things that you can only imagine, as he spend five yearsShow MoreRelatedTexting And Dying : A Professional Football Player901 Words   |  4 Pages(Wyner). Furthermore, truck companies are challenging a federal ban that would include on-board systems that receive updates from corporate (Sloan). Pulling over and using a cell phone for business would cost time in occupations where time is money. Ashley Halsey, a traffic and transportation writer for the Washington Post, sympathizes with these professionals. She claims â€Å"there has not been a spike in fatal crashes, and new laws have failed to make an impact† (Halsey). In addition, a study from AutomobileRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFrancisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy LealeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesUsually, the involvement of several departments and professionals. Typically, doing something that has never been done before. Specific time, cost, and performance requirements. First, projects have a defined objective—whether it is constructing a 12-story apartment complex by January 1 or releasing version 2.0 of a specific software 6 Chapter 1 Modern Project Management package as quickly as possible. This singular purpose is often lacking in daily organizational life in which workers perform

The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell - 935 Words

The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell demonstrated the grey area between hunting and cold blooded murder with the use of irony, setting, and character development. Rainsford, a big game hunter, met General Zaroff who was tired of hunting ‘big game’ and turned to the sport of hunting men. Rainsford was horrified when he learned this. The story followed Rainsford as he was hunted by General Zaroff. The end of the story implied that Rainsford was murdered by Zaroff. The story started off with Rainsford and his boatmate, Witney, in a boat on a dark and stormy night. â€Å"Sometimes I think evil is a tangible thing--with wavelengths, just as sound and light have,† says Rainsford (Connell 2). This set up the story’s underlying tone; dark, mysterious and ominous. The eeriness confused and enveloped Rainsford, setting him up to being dumped out of the boat into the â€Å"blood-warm water,† (Connell 2). The reference to blood hinted at what was to come. Rainford swam, lost in the dark. â€Å"Bleak darkness was blacking out the sea and jungle when Rainsford sighted the lights† (Connell 3). Light, usually, is a universal sign of hope, although in this story it had a more ominous meaning. In this passage, light was used as a dangerous, beautiful attraction; like a moth attracted to an alluring flame. Rainsford would soon be lured into danger. The light seduced, and pulled him in. What the reader soon learned, was the da nger of his demise. He assumed that the presence of anotherShow MoreRelatedThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1398 Words   |  6 Pages Richard Connell s short work of fiction â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† blurs the line between humans and animals and explores some of the causes of fear, especially the primal fear of being hunted. Appropriately, it is a suspense-driven work and relies heavily on the use of certain techniques to make sure the reader feels, or at least understands, the terror that the protagonist Sanger Rainsford feels. In the narrative, two techniques are combined to create suspense: careful use of foreshadowing createsRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell908 Words   |  4 Pagesscreenplay for a movie called High Noon; a classic tale of when the hunter becomes the hunted. Then in 1924, Richard Connell wrote another classic, called The Most Dangerous Game. Although both stories demonstrate similar examples of the setting and conflict, the main characters react very differently to the unusual situations they find themselves stuck in. High Noon and The Most Dangerous Game share many similarities throughout the text. For example the setting. Both stories do a great job of displayingRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1003 Words   |  5 Pagesuneventful; many people need suspense and drama to feel motivated and engaged in things; this is the same for books. In the book, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†, by Richard Connell, the author used various literature methods to create suspense; the techniques he includes are used differently depending on which part of the plot they are used in.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the story, Richard Connell uses imagery words to create a setting for the story. In turn, the setting gives readers an idea in regards to what is to happen laterRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell692 Words   |  3 Pagespsychotic man. This psychopath is a fellow hunter, but desires to poach even greater and smarter game with extremely high intelligence, and is the smartest animal of all -- humans. Throughout the story, the author creates a suspenseful mood through several conflicts the main character encounters, while struggling to survive the â€Å"most dangerous game.† In Richard Connell’s short adventure story, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† Rainsford, a hunter, travels to South America on a hunting expedition, when he carelesslyRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhenever you hear the word evil or immoral, what pops up into your head? The character General Zaroff from a story called â€Å"The M ost Dangerous Game† written by Richard Connell pops up into my head. General Zaroff is a man who lives on an island called Ship-Trap Island. Zaroff proves his immorally so many ways in the story. He lures sailors onto this island by using a bright light to trap them into a fake cannel, kidnaps the sailors, and then hunts them. Zaroff is an evil person who kills humansRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell828 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† written by Richard Connell in 1924, was made into a movie in 1932. While transitioning the story to a movie, changes were made to the plot. The three changes from the short story to the film version of â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† include the setup, the characters, and the game. These changes were made to make it possible to be filmed and to amuse the audiences. In the story, it starts off with Rainsford on a yacht with his friend Whitney. They are headed to Ship-Trap IslandRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1318 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod Richard Connell uses to create suspense in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† is slowing down the exposition with the purpose of dragging it out and creating a pace that keeps the reader waiting in a prolonged state of suspense. For example, on page 9, Rainsford stumbles upon the chateau after washing up on Ship-Trap island where he is greeted by its owner, saying â€Å"‘It is a very great pleasure to welcome Mr. Sanger Rainsford, the celebrated hunter, to my home...I am General Zaroff.’† Connell is usingRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell857 Words   |  4 Pages Richard Connell, the author of â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† used the setting in different functions through perseverance in his short story. One of the most critical elements of plot used in this story was suspense. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† the setting was used to create this, especially through water and foreshadowing. At the very beginning of the story, Whitney, Rainsford’s hunting partner, tells him that the nearby island was called â€Å"Ship-Trap Island.† This foreshadowing leads to a moreRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell852 Words   |  4 PagesRichard Connell’s 1924 short story titled â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† is widely considered a masterfully dark work of short fiction, one that pulls the reader into surreal and chilling circumstances. Through his narrative, Connell provokes both intellect and emotion as he asks questions at the very core of human existence, questions concerning morality and ethics as understood by the modern individual. What is the value of human life? Does power justify action? With his macabre tone, Connell takesRead Mor eThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1360 Words   |  6 PagesYen Nguyen Mr. Crockwell English Acc 1p: Period 1 24 September 2017 The Most Dangerous Essay Underestimation and cruel actions lead to many things. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† author Richard Connell reveals a conflict between the main characters, General Zaroff and Rainsford. Rainsford was to play the most dangerous game created by Zaroff, because the only way to survive, is to win it, otherwise death is the only other option. As demonstrated through the use of personification, symbolism, and

Memorandum

Memorandum-Violence Against Women Act Essay Violence Against Women ActThe Violence Against Women Act creates a right to be free from crimes ofviolence that are gender motivated. It also gives a private civil right ofaction to the victims of these crimes. The Senate report attached to the actstates that Gender based crimes and fear of gender based crimesreducesemployment opportunities and consumer spending affecting interstatecommerce. Sara Benenson has been abused by her husband, Andrew Benenson, since 1978. Because of this abuse, she sued her husband under various tort claims andviolations under the Violence Against Women Act. Now Mr. Benenson isprotesting the constitutionality of this act claiming that Congress has noright to pass a law that legislates for the common welfare. However, Congress has a clear Constitutional right to regulate interstatecommerce. This act is based solely on interstate commerce and is thereforeConstitutional. Because of abuse, Sara Benenson was afraid to get a jobbecause it would anger her husband. She was afraid to go back to school andshe was afraid to go shopping or spend any money on her own. All three ofthese things clearly interfere and affect interstate commerce. Women likeMrs. Benenson are the reason the act was passed. There has been a long history of judgements in favor of Congresss power tolegislate using the commerce clause as a justification. For the past fiftyyears, Congresss right to interpret the commerce clause has beenunchallenged by the Court with few exceptions. There is no rational reasonfor this court to go against the powerful precedents set by the Supreme courtto allow Congress to use the Commerce clause. In the case of Katzenbach v. McClung, the Court upheld an act of Congresswhich was based on the commerce clause, that prohibited segregation. McClung,the owner of a barbeque that would not allow blacks to eat inside therestaurant, claimed that his business was completely intrastate. He statedthat his business had little or no out of state business and was thereforenot subject to the act passed by Congress because it could not legislateintrastate commerce. The Court however, decided that because the restaurantreceived some of its food from out of state that it was involved ininterstate commerce. The same logic should be applied in this case. Even though Sara Benensonsinability to work might not seem to affect interstate commerce, it will insome way as with McClung, thus making the act constitutional. The SupremeCourt had decided that any connection with interstate commerce,as long as ithas a rational basis, makes it possible for Congress to legislate it. In the United States v. Lopez decision, The Supreme Court struck down the GunFree School Zones Act. Its reasoning was that Congress had overstepped itspower to legislate interstate commerce. The Court decided that this act wasnot sufficiently grounded in interstate commerce for Congress to be allowedto pass it. The circumstances in this case are entirely different than in the case ofSara Benenson. For one thing, the Gun Free School Zones Act was not nearly aswell based in the commerce clause as is our case. The Gun act said thatviolence in schools kept student from learning and therefore limited theirfuture earning power. It also said that violence affected national insurancecompanies. These connections are tenuous at best and generally too long termto be considered. However, in the case of Mrs. Benenson, her inability towork and spend directly and immediately affected interstate commerce. .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c , .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .postImageUrl , .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c , .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c:hover , .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c:visited , .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c:active { border:0!important; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c:active , .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u245c0dc9782c2ead7cdcf6a84f5d338c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Let me put this heavy load down and take some of t EssayTherefore, the Lopez decision should not have any part in the decision ofthis case. The Supreme Court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, gave Congress the right to makelaws that are out of their strict Constitutional powers so as to be able tofulfill one of their Constitutional duties. In this case, the Court allowedthe federal government to create a bank. There is no Constitutional right todo this and Maryland challenged the creation of this bank. The high courtruled that in order for Congress to be able to accomplish its duties. The same logic should be applied here. The Violence Against Women Act is anexample of Congress overstepping its direct Constitutional rights so it canbetter regulate and facilitate interstate commerce. In order for Congress tolegislate interstate commerce fairly, it must allow people to be able to workand spend as they should be able to. If a woman is afraid of being abused ifshe gets a job or spends money, it affects interstate commerce. Thus TheViolence Against Women Act is Constitutionally based and necessary forinterstate commerce. Violence against women is a terrible crime. It destroys womens self esteem,tears apart families, and destroys lives. Many times, it will lead to murderor other terrible crimes. What the Violence Against Women Act is trying to dois give women a weapon to protect themselves from violent spouses. Withoutthis act, many women would be left incapable of getting any form of financialredress for the years of suffering and abuse they went through. It is wrong to deny women a tool to rebuild theyre lives after an abusiverelationship. The years of abuse they went through makes it hard if notimpossible for them to get a job or work in an office. These women are afraidfor the rest of their lives that if they make a mistake or displease the menaround them, they will be beaten. This act allows women to get some means ofgetting money to live on while they rebuild their lives. It allows them toseek professional help if necessary. Without this act, women would be forcedon welfare or worse. When this h appens, it benefits no one. The Violence Against Women Act has a strong Constitutional basis in thecommerce clause, despite what Andrew Benenson says. The Supreme Court hasallowed many acts such as this to stand for the past fifty years. All theprecedents of cases with similar circumstances are to allow the act tostand. Also, we cannot forget the human aspect of this case. This act is atool for women to rebuild their shattered lives after an abusiverelationship. To declare his act unconstitutional would be both legally andmorally wrong.

The Peculiarities of the Ethical Standards and Nursing Practice in ARN

Ethical principles provided by ARN in the documents related to the nursing practice The activity of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses (ARN) is based on the range of the documents (including the code of ethics for nurses) developed by the American Nurses Association which are general for different types of the nursing services. However, ARN improved the general variant of the code with references to the peculiarities of the rehabilitation nurses practice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Peculiarities of the Ethical Standards and Nursing Practice in ARN specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main task of nurses is to provide the effective care participating in the definite interactions with the patients. Thus, the fact of the nurses’ frequent communication with patients results in the necessity of solving a number of ethical issues. To reduce the negative effects of the ethical challenges for nurses and to follow the interests of the patients, it is significant to use the principles fixed in the Position Statement of ARN on the Ethical Issues. The first aspect of the code is to address the patients’ rights (including the rights of minors) directly (ARN, 2012). Nevertheless, this question is rather controversial and requires its solution according to the statements that the rehabilitation nurse often acts according to the patient’s interests (advocate), and she should be aware of the importance of patients’ participation in the decision-making process (ARN, 2012). Moreover, the rehabilitation nurse should respond to the aspect of the patient’s confidentiality and privacy with references to the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice. The use of restraints and the peculiarities of the interactions with the patients with suicidal behaviors are also regulated by the ethical code of ARN. Such problems as the character of relations between nurses and patients and the elements of the health care reform are also limited by the norms of ARN’s code. The rehabilitation nurses should protect the rights of their patients, support them while solving the ethical issues, and help them in the decision-making process (ARN, 2012). The standards of the care emphasized by ARN ARN determines the basic standards of providing the nursing care which depends on the division of the staff of the rehabilitation nurses into the advanced practice nurses and the nursing assistive personnel. The standards which are addressed to these groups of nurses are different, and this difference is based on the level of the qualification.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The advanced practice nurses should have a degree in nursing and be able to provide effective comprehensive assessments, diagnose the complex responses of individuals, and address th e requirements of the members of the patients’ families (ARN, 2012). â€Å"They synthesize complex data to formulate decisions and plans that optimize health, promote wellness, manage illness, prevent complications and secondary disabilities, maximize function, and minimize disabilities† (ARN, 2012). The advanced practice nurses’ activity includes the combination of the knowledge, research, consultation, and practice. The nursing assistive personnel should provide the effective support of the patients in their everyday activities, to control the peculiarities of the patients’ hygiene and nutrition (including the control over the patient’s following the dietary restrictions). Nevertheless, there is a range of the specialized tasks which should be realized by the nursing assistive personnel. They are required to provide the mobility assistance, to fix the changes in the patients’ â€Å"temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure and pain level† (ARN, 2012). The standards of the care also include the principles of the behavior management and monitoring the facts of the patients’ input and output. Reference Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. (2012). Retrieved from https://rehabnurse.org/ This essay on The Peculiarities of the Ethical Standards and Nursing Practice in ARN was written and submitted by user Audriana Pacheco to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare High Scope Essays

Compare High Scope Essays Compare High Scope Essay Compare High Scope Essay Co intents High Scope Method How the curriculum is designed Environmental Set-up The Regis Emilie Approach History Comparison of the two approaches their advantages and disadvantages. Conclusion REFERENCES Compare High scope and Regis Emilie methods of class room settings. Include Merits and Demerits of both methods and which methods as a teacher you will prefer in your class room. Give reason for it. This method of class room setting was established by Dry. David Wackier, a Michigan educator, in 1970. As the name refers to the programmer it is because of its highest purpose of the project and the tourists mission of the project. The academic skill development, social and emotional development is emphasized in the programmer. Some of the learning experiences of this method include putting everything in an order counting and telling time as well as more creative and linguistic activities such as singing and dictating stories. This project as per history was initiated in 1962; some children were also involved (age group of 3 to 4 years old). There were teachers involved with the group of children and they spent few hours of the day at school. The teachers were attended with staff meetings and they were make Inning home visits at the same for the respected children taken for the project (Morris son, 2010). This programmer was an independent not for profit research, includes development, training and public awareness. The main principal Of the organization was to promote the learning and development of children worldwide from infancy through adolescence and to support and train educators and parents as they help children learn (Morrison, 2010). The theory thus believes that we learn by mentally and physically interacting with the environment and with others. Although errors may e made during these interactions, they are considered just another part of the learning process. The main principles of this approach is to: 1. Engaging the children and interaction with people, materials and ideas. 2. Get children involvement in conducting, planning and carrying out the intended activities. 3. Providing a curriculum based on the active learning processes. 4. Providing the children with us port on their personal decisions made. These summarized Key experiences were designed specifically for this approach. The key experiences for preschool children are: Creative representation Classification Language and literacy Serration Initiative and social relation Number Movement Space Music Time Plainview is another major component of the High/Scope framework. Children are encouraged to: plan the area, materials, and methods they are going to work with; do , actually carry out their plan; and 3) revive ewe 2) , articulate with the classroom community what they actually did during work time. The review time helps children bring closure to their work and link their actual work to their plan. Cleanup time is a natural part of philanderers. Environmental Set-Up The High Scope classroom is a materialistic learning environment. Usually, the locations for classroom materials are labeled to help children learn organization Anal skills. Materials are setup so that they are easily accessible at a childs level. This helps facilitate childrens active exploration (Klein, 2008). Teachers set up the classroom areas purposefully for children to explore and build social relationships, often with Hellenized areas for different activities. In 1991, Newsweek magazine noted that the system of 33 infant/toddler schools and reechoes in Regis Emilie were among the ten best school systems in the world. Over the last 35 years, the teachers in the Regis Emilie schools have taken the time to carry out a process of collaborative examination and analysis of teaching and learning about children n ( (Klein, 2008). First, familiarity with the Regis Emilie approach is integral to recent developments in early childhood theory and practice (Klein, 2008). Documentation is the approach by which the environment is used to explain the history of the projects and the school community. Flowcharts are used as an organized system of recording curriculum lancing and assessment based on ongoing collaboration and careful review. Flowcharts enhance the Regis curriculum. A flowchart records information in such a way that one can see the steepest process of how relationships are built; they help the teachers organize and keep in mind the nature and purpose of the curriculum. The purpose of a flowchart is to tell the past (what happened before), the present (what is being discussed now), and the future (what predictions can be made in preparation for what may emerge). Portfolios are a collection of a childs work that demonstrates the h lids efforts, progress, and achievements over time. Regis Emilie schools create homelike environments. In Regis, the homelike atmosphere is designed to help make children feel comfortable and learn practical life issues. Each child is provided a place to keep her own belongings. Documentation is a major part of the environmental setup. Documentation illustrates both the process and the product. In documentation, the child is seen as an individual but also in relation to a group, with various possibilities for the individual. Regis Emilie model is so called collaboration with teachers and staffs. While the High Scope method is about the importance of teaching of the cognitive approach needed to deliver the studies to the children. The teacher closely observes the process in the high scope method. The teacher is able to understand each childs thinking and development. In Regis Emilie method the teacher observe and listen to the children while they work in groups. And the teacher asses by asking questions in a broad manner and get a glimpse of the childrens ideas. Its a repeat process by which all teachers are partners with the children in the research and learning process. They believe that interaction is more important in development of the childrens minds, and the teachers give one to one attention to the child (Klein, 2008). The issue Of identifying the best approach is difficult. Issue in identifying a program good for children is making sure a program has not become too eclectic. Sometimes schools choose from so many different program models, aspects in the classroom contradict each other. For example, a school that follows an approach that wants children to learn actively, yet the program has borrowed the idea of children sitting and just repeating the teacher for most f the day.

The Future of Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future of Energy - Essay Example Occupiers in New York demand a lot of energy services and energy use in buildings. This ranges from energy they use at home in home appliances, electricity, and energy they use on travels, gasoline (Dallas, 2006). Occupiers currently demand energy efficiency improvements and these must be addressed. The energy authorities and building developers need to optimize performance of the buildings and running costs in such away to improve energy efficiency and avoid traditional incorporations of property management services. In addition, developers need to focus on optimization of property assets encompassing facilities management, sustainability and flexibility of space. These are what the typical demand of occupiers is currently. Occupiers also challenge developers to meet their power load reduction goals. Therefore occupiers demand that developers ensure that they meet modern mandates and energy conservation goals. They must therefore ensure transmission, generation, and distribution entities work together effectively. Occupiers also demand that available load demand side management assets are identified and unified and hosted DSM is provided for utilities throughout the distribution of infrastru cture (Egan, 2002). Occupiers demand that energy requirements in buildings be reduced and sourced alternatively. They also need energy conservation solution with benefits such as: insight and visibility from generation to device unifying data throughout ecosystem of the energy; achieve compliance and reduction of load through the unified controls which execute and measure created diverse load control programs; cost savings through controlling peak charges; rapid adoption allowing utilities to participate in centralized programs; and future proofing with standard based system device agnostic supporting hardware legacy, data sources and

Rationale and Analysis for Agency Selected Essay

Rationale and Analysis for Agency Selected - Essay Example This law was responsible for transferring the services of INS to the department in charge of homeland security (Doak, 2012). The enforcement of immigration functions was the responsibility of the Immigration and Customs Unit. Immigration services on the other hand became the functions of USCIS. On the 1st of March 2003, INS officially ceased to operate, and the services it offered were taken over by USCIS. The first director of this organization was Eduardo Aguirre (Doak, 2012). Emilio Gonzalez became the next director of this agency, until 2008. In 2009, US president Barrack Obama nominated Alejandro Moyorkas as the next director. The main mission of this department is to oversee a lawful immigration into the country. The organization aims to achieve six important goals, name; i. Strengthening the integrity and security system of the department. ii. Provision of information concerning immigration issues. iii. To support the integration of immigrants and ensure their participation in the American civil culture. iv. Developing flexible immigration programs and policies. v. To strengthen the resources that helps the organization to achieve its mission. vi. Ensuring efficient service delivery through the promotion of talented employees, and development of a dynamic work culture. Agency Functions: The main responsibilities of USCIS include the processing of visa, naturalization, and asylum petitions. The agency is also responsible for making adjudicative decisions whose main performances are found at the service centers. This department also concerns itself with other immigration duties, apart from the enforcement of immigration laws (Berchard and Elgersma, 2012). USCIS also performs the following function; i. Determining claims in relation to the qualification of the issuance of asylum. ii. Provision of documents that authorize the employment of an individual. iii. It adjudicates over the petitions that involve temporary workers who are non-immigrant. iv. It also grants lawful permanency status to an immigrant. v. It also issues a document that proves an individual is a citizen of United States. The USCIS mainly serves the immigrants, and it focuses on two main areas in relation to the civic integration of the immigrant. That is when an immigrant becomes a permanent resident of the US, and when they start the formal process of naturalization. A legally recognized permanent resident of United States qualifies to be its citizen, only after holding a permanent residency card. The time limit is at least five continuous years. It is only after fulfilling these conditions that USCIS can issue an individual with a certicate that proves he or she is a citizen of the country. Agency News: As of March 2013 to date, the organization is currently training more than 399 new officers, for purposes of ensuring that they are efficient in whatever they do. Employee trainings are an important element in personnel management. This is because employees are able to acquire skills that will help them in efficiently carrying out their mandate. Training will also help employees to be fully integrated into the culture of the organization. This is because they will learn the mission objectives and goals of the organization, and as such, their trainers will make them to acquire such goals as their own. The organization has also hosted some coaching sessions targeting senior executives of the agency. More than 80

Symbolism in the novel The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

Symbolism in the novel The Great Gatsby Essay F. Scott Fitzgerald uses much symbolism in his literature, here in the novel The Great Gatsby. He uses the image of Doctor T. J. Eckelburgs eyes to symbolize a godlike being. Fitzgerald uses the symbol of the two women in yellow at Gatsbys party to represent the values of the 1920s. The food provided at Gatsbys party symbolically represents the members of 1920s society. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses Symbolism in the novel The Great Gatsby as an accurate reflection of life in the American 1920s. In The Great Gatsby the symbol of T. J. Eckelburgs eyes represent a godly being watching over society. Fitzgerald incorporates the eyes into his novel to represent a pair of all seeing, all knowing and judging eyes, which are meant to intimidate. The character of George Wilson believes that the eyes are the eyes of God. I spoke to her, he muttered, after a long silence. I told her she might fool me but she couldnt fool God. I took her to the window- With an effort he got up and walked to the rear window and leaned his face pressed against it, -and I said God knows what youve been doing, everything youve been doing. You may fool me but you cant fool God! Standing behind him Michaelis saw with a shock that he was looking at the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, which had just emerged pale and enormous from the dissolving night. God sees everything, repeated Wilson. (p.167) Through Wilsons beliefs Fitzgerald explains that the eyes can see everything including Myrtlesinfidelities. Myrtle is a typical person of the 1920s. She has put her own life and interests ahead of everyone elses including her husbands. The eyes of God are frowning down on the 1920s society. But above the grey land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, after a moment, the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg. The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic-their retinas are one yard high. The look out of no face but, instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nosehis eyes, dimmed a little by many painless days under sun and rain, brood on over the solemn dumping ground.(p.27-28) Through Fitzgeralds wording in describing the image of Eckleburgs eyes the reader develops a mental image of an omnipotent being who is constantly watching over the land. The reader discerns that the eyes not only see  everything but that they eyes are morbidly unhappy. The use of the word brood suggests that whatever the eyes are seeing has made their owner disappointed. This is Fitzgeralds way of indicating that the people of the 1920s are disgraceful and undignified because of their selfishness. People of the 1920s spent large sums of money on themselves, and they would attend parties where they didnt know the host. This type of behaviour is why the 1920s are known as a decadent era. The eyes not only symbolize a god-like being but also Fitzgerald himself and his negative views of 1920s society. Fitzgeralds negative views of society are also portrayed through his depiction of certain guests at Gatsbys parties. The symbol of the two women dressed identically in yellow at Gatsbys party depict the values of the people of the 20s. The two women in yellow meet Jordan and Nick at one of Gatsbys party and are entirely self involved. Do you come to these parties often? inquired Jordan of the girl beside her. The last one was the one I met you at, answered the girl in an alert, confident voice. She turned to her companion: Wasnt it for you Lucille? It was for Lucille too. I like to come, Lucille said I never care what I do, so I always have a good time. When I was here last I tore my gown on a chair, and he asked me my name and address- inside of a week I got a package from Croiriers with a new evening gown in it.(p.47) Lucille admits that her general attitude toward life is that she doesnt care what she does as long as she has a good time. Her entire motivation in her life is to enjoy herself. When all she was asked was if she came to the parties often she also felt the need to inform the rest of the guests of her trivial anecdote. The reason that these women are indicative of the generation is because of their self-absorbed character and their egotistical nature. Gatsby. Somebody told me- The two girls and Jordan leaned together confidentially. Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once. A thrill passed over all of us. The three Mr. Mumbles bent forward and listened eagerly. I dont think its so much that, argued Lucille sceptically; Its more that he was a German spy during the war. One of the men nodded in confirmation. Oh know it couldnt be that because he was in the American army during the war.(p.48) The two women are spreading vicious rumours about their host purely for the sake of attention. They are so egotistical that they are  willing to tarnish the reputation of the man who has invited them into his house, simply on the basis that they want to be the centre of everyones attention. In Fitzgeralds opinion, people of the 20s were mainly made up of this type of person. The symbols of the food served at Gatsbys party represent and personify the people of the 20s. Gatsbys house frequently receives crates of oranges which demonstrates the wasteful character of people in the 1920s. Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New York-every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. (p.45) This incredible wastefulness is representative of people who lived in the 1920s. They were wasteful to the extreme because they assumed that they deserved to be wasteful and carefree. After so many years of being unhappy from, among other things, World War I. During the war, they were forced to ration everything, so the twenties was the time to gain back their selfishness. Their personalities are also symbolised by the colossal food buffet served at the party. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors doeuvre, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold. (p.44) These symbols all personify the people of the 20s. The people garnished themselves in glistening jewels and clothing just to impress the people that they met. They are all spiced implying that they have made themselves into something that they are not by spicing up their lives with fancy clothing and costumes which hide who they really are. They design themselves as they think they will be most accepted, and are bewitched by the brightness and glow of popularity and richness. People of the twenties wore costumes and this is part of what Fitzgerald is trying to convey. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the literary technique of symbolism to reflect what life in the 1920s was like, through Fitzgeralds eyes. The image of Doctor T. J. Eckelburgs eyes is used to signify a disappointed godlike being. Fitzgerald uses the two women in yellow at Gatsbys party to as a symbol to represent the values of people in the 20s. The food provided at Gatsbys party is symbolic of people who lived in the  20s. Through Fitzgeralds use of symbolism to describe the costumed characters of the 20s the reader can learn to constantly, and consistently examine the people that they surround themselves with. The novel also teaches the lesson of being true to ones self, since true closure may only come once honesty is achieved. Fitzgerald is not only a consequential author but an effective moral adviser as well. Bibliography: Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York. 1992.

Eating Disorders in Online Communities :: Communication Computers Papers

The Internet has an infinite amount of resources to occupy its users, and certainly two of the most frequently used applications are that of the chat room and message boards. Chat rooms perfectly exemplify the concept of an online community, where real-time communication happens between users everywhere in the world. Whereas message boards allow for the posting of journals and stories that can later be responded to by others that connect to that website. These virtual interfaces provide the backdrop for a whole new dimension of social interaction. The people who populate this particular form of online community, of course, deserve extensive examination. Many individuals, for instance, seek to communicate their problems and self-destructive tendencies. Significant niches of these people specifically correspond about eating disorders. The motivations and purposes for which they devote their time and energies certainly provide for an interesting case study. When examining the many dementias of chat rooms and message boards, it becomes imperative to consider the individuals who most frequently take advantage of these platforms to discuss eating disorders. These people, obviously, feel the need to communicate on some level with others. What they wish to communicate about, however, literally covers every dementia of the disorder. The wide and limitless variety of chat rooms and message boards on this subject caters to a vast span of related topics; individuals who have eating disorders, are seeking out information, and wish to help others all have a distinct space for discussion. The eating disorder chat participants come into contact with various worldviews and lifestyles that are typical of a diverse web community. Although I know that a countless number of people take advantage of this communication form everyday, it still remains a question as to why eating disorder victims choose to participate. The eating disorder victims who frequent chat rooms and message boards must do so for a massive span of reasons. Logically, I would assume that these people choose this method of communication because they prefer it instead of other alternatives. Perhaps they dislike talking with people about their problem face-to-face. After all, it cannot be ignored that the nature of chat rooms and message boards eliminates the physical connectedness requirement of communication. It is probable that embarrassment, shame, and countless other emotions play significant roles in the victim's decision.

Psychologists’ Participation in Military Interrogatory Operations Essay

The issue of ethical responsibility is always in question especially in the medical and allied medical fields. The article â€Å"Psychologists Clash on Aiding Interrogations† (Carey, 2008) tackles this issue in the context of the services rendered by psychologists to military operations involving the interrogation of detainees. The article points out certain details regarding this issue; among others, those tackled were the issue of this type of assistance and its relevance to the American Psychologists’ Association Code of ethics, the consideration of international laws in the performance of a psychologist’s duties, the ethical responsibilities of a psychologist to the person being interrogated, the relationship of the APA to the practice of its members, and the individual integrity of psychologists who chose to collaborate with the military in interrogatory operations. An initial approach to this issue would be to consider the role of psychologists in society in the context or professionalism. Base on the preamble of the APA Code of conduct, psychologists are â€Å"committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behavior and people’s understanding of themselves and others and to the use of such knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, organizations, and society† (APA, 1992), in addition, psychologist should â€Å"respect and protect civil and human rights and the central importance of freedom of inquiry and expression in research, teaching, and publication. They strive to help the public in developing informed judgments and choices concerning human behavior. † (APA, 1992) Certain features can be easily gleaned from these APA passages; to note in particular are the psychologist’s roles in the development of academic knowledge in the field, the fostering of individual and social understanding, and in promoting and preserving individual, organizational, (your family name) 3 and social welfare. Over and above these professional roles are the particular attention given to civil and human rights and the freedom of inquiry and expression. In this context there is no argument as to whether the psychological profession in general should concede to working with the military in interrogatory operations – the mere fact that these interrogations do not serve the purposes of the profession as outlined above and may even be violations of certain civil and human rights simply shows that participating in military interrogations can be against the APA code of ethics. However, if the last part of the passage is considered, which concerns the preservation of individual, organization, and social welfare, psychologist participation in interrogations may actually serve this end. If the purpose of the military interrogation is to preserve the established order and the issue is national security, then psychologists being accountable, not only to their patients but also to their country, should do well by assisting the military in their operations. This is the argument put out by certain psychologists who have been found to be collaborating with the military – that they did not do anything to cause harm to any of the subjects of interrogation, rather, they merely ensured that the subjects were not caused any harm. In addition, they claimed to also be performing their duties to their country. Another perspective should be considered in this issue – the reports that have been going around that psychologists have been assisting the â€Å"CIA and the military in developing abusive interrogation techniques used on terrorist suspects† (Benjamin, 2007), that psychologists have collaborated with the military in the military’s secretive Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape program to â€Å"reverse-engineer† techniques originally designed to train U. S. soldiers to resist torture if captured, by exposing them to brutal treatment. † (Benjamin, 2007). These grim (your family name) 4 reports bring the issue of civil and human rights into the picture. In a profession that is easily abused as to its practice, civil and human rights should be protected at all costs, but what if those who are supposed to protect these rights are the ones violating the rights themselves? The military and psychology is a very unlikely and dangerous mix, with the former working for national security under the protection of national and international law, and the latter working for the advancement of the psychological profession which incidentally could be of valuable use to the military, and with only the APA Code of Ethics standing in the way, possibilities can be very scary – think Nazi concentration camp style. However, certain arguments point out that psychologists, like their military counterparts are able to set aside the APA Code of Ethics in the interest of national or international law. In the results of a 20025 APA Taskforce, it was implicitly implied that â€Å"psychologists can ignore their ethical code if a governing authority (in this case, the U. S. Military) asks them to do so. † (Reiss, 2007) This implication is based on no less than the the APA’s code of conduct, which states, in full, â€Å"If psychologists’ ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, psychologists make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict. If the conflict is unresolvable via such means, psychologists may adhere to the requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing legal authority. † (APA, 1992) This brings the issue to a whole new level – instead of the issue being an organizational or professional concern, it becomes a concern of individual integrity, which, by the way, becomes blurry when an individual is offered lucrative benefits and perks in exchange for that (your family name) 5 integrity. While the issue is obviously one that concerns not only the military, or the field of psychology, but the safety and welfare of even the most hostile subject of an interrogation, the APA Task Force served to bring the issue down to a more personal level to dismiss whatever argument is raised by the profession as a whole. Now, it is basically a question of, â€Å"As a psychologist, are you personally inclined to assist the military in their interrogatory operations even when these operations can be inhumane and can violate civil and human rights as long as the operations are within the â€Å"requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing legal authority† (APA, 1992)? † Many a psychologist would find an easy answer to this question, because this question does not require a psychologist to consult any code of ethics or any law; it simply requires that the psychologist go through the process of self-discernment and consider, first and foremost, his/her reasons for choosing the psychology profession, his/her commitments to the people that he/she serves, and his/her priorities in exercising his/her profession. The issue of whether psychologists should collaborate with the military in developing interrogation techniques that may be inhumane is beyond the jurisdiction of any law or code. This issue is a question of morality and integrity, which, in themselves, are very subjective areas of abstraction. In a moment of personal thought, psychologists should at least put themselves in the shoes of the victims of these inhumane interrogation – knowledge is indeed power, â€Å"and power corrupts† (Acton, 1887) Psychologists wield a considerable amount of knowledge with their training in the profession, and it is up to them whether they would use this knowledge to harm their fellow humans or not. (your family name) 6 The solution to this problem lies in the individual integrities of psychologists. Each psychologist should maintain an internal regulatory mechanism when participating in these operations. The secret is being able to say ‘no’ when what is being asked to be done is beyond our personal conviction, ideals, and the moral standards governing the profession. While laws and codes can only do so much in regulating what psychologists can do, these also serve as roads signs for psychologists so that they may be constantly reminded if they are already overstepping in their profession. On the issue of national security, some argue that the life of one can sometimes be dispensable for the life of all; this argument is a blind interpretation of the truth. Life, whether it be of only one, or of all is still life, and should not be meddled with in any aspect. Where does this put the psychologists conceding to collaborations with the military? In as much as we all want to believe in the integrity of our own chosen professions, we have to have faith in the individual and inherent goodness of man. We cannot condemn psychologists who work for the military just because we think what they are doing is inhumane, and it is also not up to us to pass personal judgment regarding the military’s motives; but in as much as we have hope and confidence in the rationality and discernment of human beings, we might as well advocate integrity and morality as a whole, not only in the field of psychology. Individual issues and motivations of psychologists cannot be questioned by a raging mob – but we can sure make them see the truth, and remind them of their commitment to the welfare of all, and not just for the satisfaction of brute and barbaric interests. (your family name) Works Cited Acton, John Emerich D. â€Å"Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely. † The Phrase Finder. 1887. 26 Feb. 2009 . APA. â€Å"Ethical Principles Of Psychologists And Code Of Conduct. † APA Online. 2003. 26 Feb. 2009 . Benjamin, Mark. â€Å"The CIA’s torture teachers. † Salon. com. 21 June 2007. 26 Feb. 2009 . Carey, Benedict. â€Å"U. S. psychologists debate role in military interrogations. † International Heral Tribune – The Americas. 16 Aug. 2008. 26 Feb. 2009 . Reiss, Natalie S. â€Å"The Psychologist’s Role in Military Interrogations. † Mentalhelp. net. 3 Aug. 2007. 26 Feb. 2009 .

Rostows Stages of Economic Growth and Development

Geographers often seek to categorize places using a scale of development, frequently dividing nations into the developed and developing, first world and third world, or core and periphery. All of these labels are based on judging a countrys development, but this raises the question: what exactly does it mean to be developed, and why have some countries developed while others have not? Since the beginning of the twentieth century, geographers and those involved with the vast field of Development Studies have sought to answer this question, and in the process, have come up with many different models to explain this phenomenon. W.W. Rostow and the Stages of Economic Growth One of the key thinkers in twentieth-century Development Studies was W.W. Rostow, an American economist, and government official. Prior to Rostow, approaches to development had been based on the assumption that modernization was characterized by the Western world (wealthier, more powerful countries at the time), which were able to advance from the initial stages of underdevelopment. Accordingly, other countries should model themselves after the West, aspiring to a modern state of capitalism and liberal democracy. Using these ideas, Rostow penned his classic Stages of Economic Growth in 1960, which presented five steps through which all countries must pass to become developed: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity and 5) age of high mass consumption. The model asserted that all countries exist somewhere on this linear spectrum, and climb upward through each stage in the development process: Traditional Society: This stage is characterized by a subsistent, agricultural based economy, with intensive labor and low levels of trading, and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology.Preconditions to Take-off: Here, a society begins to develop manufacturing, and a more national/international, as opposed to regional, outlook.Take-off: Rostow describes this stage as a short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry.Drive to Maturity: This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, the use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies.Age of High Mass Consumption: At the time of writing, Rostow believed that Western countries, most notably the United States, occupied this last developed stage. Here, a countrys economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass productio n and consumerism. Rostows Model in Context Rostows Stages of Growth model is one of the most influential development theories of the twentieth century. It was, however, also grounded in the historical and political context in which he wrote. Stages of Economic Growth was published in 1960, at the height of the Cold War, and with the subtitle A Non-Communist Manifesto, it was overtly political. Rostow was fiercely anti-communist and right-wing; he modeled his theory after western capitalist countries, which had industrialized and urbanized. As a staff member in President John F. Kennedys administration, Rostow promoted his development model as part of U.S. foreign policy. Rostows model illustrates a desire not only to assist lower-income countries in the development process but also to assert the United States influence over that of communist Russia. Stages of Economic Growth in Practice: Singapore Industrialization, urbanization, and trade in the vein of Rostows model are still seen by many as a roadmap for a countrys development. Singapore is one of the best examples of a country that grew in this way and is now a notable player in the global economy. Singapore is a southeast Asian country with a population of over five million, and when it became independent in 1965, it did not seem to have any exceptional prospects for growth. However, it industrialized early, developing profitable manufacturing and high-tech industries. Singapore is now highly urbanized, with 100% of the population considered urban. It is one of the most sought-after trade partners in the international market, with a higher per-capita income than many European countries. Criticisms of Rostows Model As the Singapore case shows, Rostows model still sheds light on a successful path to economic development for some countries. However, there are many criticisms of his model. While Rostow illustrates faith in a capitalist system, scholars have criticized his bias towards a western model as the only path towards development. Rostow lays out five succinct steps towards development and critics have cited that all countries do not develop in such a linear fashion; some skip steps or take different paths. Rostows theory can be classified as top-down, or one that emphasizes a trickle-down modernization effect from urban industry and western influence to develop a country as a whole. Later theorists have challenged this approach, emphasizing a bottom-up development paradigm, in which countries become self- sufficient through local efforts, and urban industry is not necessary. Rostow also assumes that all countries have a desire to develop in the same way, with the end goal of high mass cons umption, disregarding the diversity of priorities that each society holds and different measures of development. For example, while Singapore is one of the most economically prosperous countries, it also has one of the highest income disparities in the world. Finally, Rostow disregards one of the most fundamental geographical principals: site and situation. Rostow assumes that all countries have an equal chance to develop, without regard to population size, natural resources, or location. Singapore, for instance, has one of the worlds busiest trading ports, but this would not be possible without its advantageous geography as an island nation between Indonesia and Malaysia. In spite of the many critiques of Rostows model, it is still one of the most widely cited development theories and is a primary example of the intersection of geography, economics, and politics. Sources: Binns, Tony, et al. Geographies of Development: An Introduction to Development Studies, 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008. Singapore. CIA World Factbook, 2012. Central Intelligence Agency. 21 August 2012.